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Species:
Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783 		Valid Name:
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Parent taxa:             Genus / Family / Order / Superorder / Subclass / Class
Brachionus: Brachionidae: Ploima: Pseudotrocha: Monogononta: Eurotatoria 		Taxonomic / nomenclatural notes:
• ?Brachionus polyacanthus Ehrenberg after Bailey (1851) [Ref.17826]; Brachionus leydigii Cohn after Sharma & Sharma (2015) [Ref.27205] (=B. r. f. rhenanus).
not Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann after Althaus (1957 partim:fig.6d) [Ref.16988] [=B. urceolaris Müller?].
• Hermann (1783:47) [Ref.16599] in his description of Brachionus quadridentatus refers to Baker's (1753) [Ref.18465] figures of "Wheel animals having a shell": "Dieses Thierchen ist schon bei Baker Tab XII. fig.11-13 nicht übel abgebildet". Apparently Hermann was unaware that some years earlier Pallas (1766) based his description of Brachionus capsuliflorus on exactly the same figures. Notwithstanding that the 'Principle of Priority' (ICZN Art.23) requires that the oldest available name of a taxon be the valid name, the younger name Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann is in prevailing usage and, for the sake of nomenclatural stability, receives priority over Pallas' earlier established name.
• Polymorphic species with a number of sub- and infrasubspecific taxa of uncertain taxonomic status. Probably represents a complex of cryptic species with narrower geographic ranges and/or ecological tolerances.
• By using sequences of mitochondrial COI and nuclear 18S genes, Garcia-Morales & Dominguez-Dominguez (2019) [Ref.27420] explored the genetic diversity among some Mexican populations of B. quadridentatus, including B. qu. quadridentatus Hermann, B. qu. f. brevispinus Ehrenberg, and B. qu. cluniorbicularis Skorikov. The authors concluded, that at least three putative species are present within the B. quadridentatus complex.
Nomenclatural status:
name in current use 		Species group name declinable:
yes 		Validity:
valid 		Taxon Rank:
Species 		Availability:
available
Original Combination:
Brachionus quadridentatus 		Original Spelling:
Brachionus quadridentatus 		Latest Revision:
Koste, W (1978): Rotatoria. Die Rädertiere Mitteleuropas. Ein Bestimmungswerk, begründet von Max Voigt. Überordnung Monogononta. 673, 234 pls.
Page last modified on: 23.12.2020 by C.D. Jersabek
Original description
 
Hermann, J (1783): Der Naturforscher, Halle 19
p.47, pl.2
Hermann, J (1783): Der Naturforscher, Halle 19 p.47, pl.2
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Literature documentations
 
Arora, H C (1966): Journal of the Zoological Society of India 15 (for 1963)
Arora, H C (1966): Journal of the Zoological Society of India 15 (for 1963)
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Displaying items 11 - 11 of 48
Observation images
 
Image courtesy of ANSP (Jersabek et al. 2003) [Ref.15798]; female (dorsal view, with subitaneous egg), and trophi, dorsal and ventral views
Image courtesy of ANSP (Jersabek et al. 2003) <a href='../../Reference/Index/15798' target='_blank'>[Ref.15798]</a>; female (dorsal view, with subitaneous egg), and trophi, dorsal and ventral views
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Author(s)(sorted ascending)
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Ahlstrom, E H, 1940 Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History77
Ahmed, H K;H H Mohammed, 2006 Marsh Bulletin1 
Althaus, B, 1957 Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg6 
Arora, H C, 1966 Journal of the Zoological Society of India15 (for 1963) 
Athibai, S;H Segers;L Sanoamuang, 2013 Journal of Limnology72 
Banik, S;S Debbarman, 1993 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal35 
Bartoš, E, 1953 Časopis Národního musea, oddíl přírodovědný121 
Battish, S K, 1992 Freshwater zooplankton of India.  
Carlin, B, 1945 Medlemsblad för Biologilärarnas Förening1 
Chengalath, R;C H Fernando;M G George, 1971 University of Waterloo Biology Series2 
Chengalath, R;C H Fernando;W Koste, 1973 Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Station of Sri Lanka (Ceylon)24 
Chung, C E;H B Yoo;S Y Kim, 1992 The Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology8 
Dagne, A A;A Herzig;C D Jersabek;Z Tadesse, 2008 International Review of Hydrobiology92Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
De Infante, A, 1980 Acta Scientifica Venezolana31 
De Manuel, J, 1990 Limnetica6 
De Smet, W H, 1990 Biologisch Jaarboek (Dodonaea)57 
Diaz, D;G E Santos-Medrano;M Silva-Briano;A Adabache-Ortiz;R Rico-Martinez, 2006 Hidrobiológica16 
Donner, J, 1952 Die Tierwelt der Gewächshäuser4Brachionus capsuliflorus Pallas, 1766
Donner, J, 1978 Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement52 
Gillard, A, 1948 Natuurwetenschappelijk Tijdschrift30 
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Taxon
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Brachionus quadridentatus f. melhemi Barrois & Daday, 1894 junior subjective synonym of nominotypical taxonFormaavailable
Brachionus quadridentatus f. brevispinus Ehrenberg, 1832 junior subjective synonym of nominotypical taxonFormaavailable
Brachionus quadridentatus f. cluniorbicularis Skorikov, 1894 junior subjective synonym of nominotypical taxonFormaavailable
Brachionus quadridentatus f. rhenanus Lauterborn, 1893 junior subjective synonym of nominotypical taxonFormaavailable
Brachionus quadridentatus f. entzii France, 1894 junior subjective synonymFormaavailable
Brachionus quadridentatus var. hyphalmyros f. curvata Tschugunoff, 1921 no nomenclatural statusFormanot available
Brachionus quadridentatus var. hyphalmyros f. divergens Tschugunoff, 1921 no nomenclatural statusFormanot available
Brachionus quadridentatus f. minor Koste, 1983 junior subjective synonym of nominotypical taxonFormanot available
Brachionus quadridentatus var. ancylognathus Schmarda, 1859 junior subjective synonym of nominotypical taxonVarietasavailable
Brachionus quadridentatus var. splendidus Donner, 1964 no nomenclatural statusVarietasnot available
Brachionus quadridentatus var. hyphalmyros Tschugunoff, 1921 junior subjective synonym of nominotypical taxonVarietasavailable
Brachionus quadridentatus var. longispinus Koeppel, 1940 no nomenclatural statusVarietasnot available
Brachionus quadridentatus var. zernowi Voronkov, 1907 junior subjective synonymVarietasavailable
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IUILocality(sorted ascending)
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Altjudenbauerntümpel Piesendorf
Littoral microhabitats / Pond, freshwater24.08.1986CJ unpubl. / - / Unpublished Information, own observations (CJ)1
F
 
Beijing - n.o.s.
- / -01.01.1900Literature / - / Published Information2
L
 
Böön Tsagaan Nuur (A)
Open water (offshore) / Lake, oligosaline06.08.2006EX_Mon / 2006 / Mongolia2048
open water b) open water about 1,5 - 2 m depth, sampled August 6 [bottles labeled "macrophytes"])
C
var. ?
Böön Tsagaan Nuur (A)
Open water (offshore) / Lake, oligosaline04.08.2006Expedition, Literature / - / Published Information2052
L
 
Brady's Pond (Grasmere Lake)
- / -30.08.1934Collection / - / Specimen preparations2048
C
 
Bürmooser See
Open water / Pond, freshwater (eutrophic)18.08.2009CJ unpubl. / - / Unpublished Information, own observations (CJ)1
F
 
Burnham Beeches - n.o.s. -
- / -08.06.1910Collection / - / Specimen preparations2048
C
 
Colebrook Dam
- / -01.08.1974Collection / - / Specimen preparations2048
C
 
Dolomitic limestone quarry (Bethlehem Steel Corp.; abandoned)
- / Quarry pond, freshwater21.08.1940Collection / - / Specimen preparations2048
C
 
Duck (Emaotul)
Littoral microhabitats / Crater lake, freshwater (tropical)28.12.2004Literature / - / Published Information1
L
 
Ebinger Badesee
Open water / Pond, freshwater (hypertrophic)20.07.2018CJ unpubl. / - / Unpublished Information, own observations (CJ)1
F
 
Eisgrub (Lednice), artificial pool in palm house
- / -01.01.1900Literature / - / Published Information2
L
 
Haiderhof-Pond
Littoral microhabitats / Pond, freshwater (eutrophic)10.08.1988CJ unpubl. / - / Unpublished Information, own observations (CJ)1
F
 
Har Us Nuur (B)
Littoral vegetation (Macrophytes and partly emersed terrestrial plants) / Lake, freshwater19.08.2006Expedition, Literature / - / Published Information1
L
 
Ishigaki-shima, site 2A
- / -17.07.1991Literature / - / Published Information2
C
 
Ishigaki-shima, site 2A
- / -17.07.1991Literature / - / Published Information1028
L
 
Ishigaki-shima, site 2A
- / -17.07.1991Literature / - / Published Information2048
C
 
Jamaica - n.o.s. -
- / -01.01.1900Literature / - / Published Information2
L
 
Ka Wai a Pele (Green Lake)
Macrophytes (Elodea) / Crater lake, freshwater01.05.2001Expedition, Literature / - / Published Information2052
L
 
Ka Wai a Pele (Green Lake)
Open water (littoral and offshore) / Crater lake, freshwater01.05.2001Expedition, Literature / - / Published Information2052
L
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ANSP 0064 Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
Orig.Id.: Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783 		 female, trophi2 
ANSP 0601 Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
Orig.Id.: Brachionus quadridentatus f. brevispinus (Ehrenberg, 1832) 		 female1 
ANSP 0508 Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
Orig.Id.: Brachionus quadridentatus f. brevispinus (Ehrenberg, 1832) 		 females5 
ANSP 0928 Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
Orig.Id.: Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783 		 females14 
ANSP 0541 Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
Orig.Id.: Brachionus quadridentatus f. cluniorbicularis Skorikov, 1894 		 females6 
ANSP 0601 Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
Orig.Id.: Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783 		 female1 
ANSP 0633 Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
Orig.Id.: Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783 		 trophi7 
ANSP 0634 Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
Orig.Id.: Brachionus quadridentatus f. brevispinus (Ehrenberg, 1832) 		 females11 
ANSP 0751 Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
Orig.Id.: Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783 		 females7 
ANSP 0879 Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
Orig.Id.: Brachionus quadridentatus Korde, 1783 		 female1 
ANSP 1112 Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
Orig.Id.: Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783 		 females9 
ANSP 1113 Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
Orig.Id.: Brachionus quadridentatus f. brevispinus (Ehrenberg, 1832) 		 female1 
ANSP 1114 Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
Orig.Id.: Brachionus quadridentatus cluniorbicularis Skorikov, 1894 		 female10 
ANSP 1114 Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
Orig.Id.: Brachionus quadridentatus cluniorbicularis Skorikov, 1894 		 female10 
USNM 51944 Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
Orig.Id.: Brachionus capsuliflorus Pallas, 1766 		 female1 
USNM 51945 Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
Orig.Id.: Brachionus capsuliflorus Pallas, 1766 		 females3 
USNM 51946 Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
Orig.Id.: Brachionus capsuliflorus Pallas, 1766 		 females3 
USNM 19806 Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
Orig.Id.: Brachionus capsuliflorus Pallas, 1766 		 females2 
USNM 53108 Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
Orig.Id.: Brachionus quadridentatus cluniorbicularis Skorikov, 1894 		 females4 
USNM 53108 Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783
Orig.Id.: Brachionus quadridentatus cluniorbicularis Skorikov, 1894 		 females8 
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Geographical Range:
Cosmopolitan, including Antarctic and Pacific regions.
Macrohabitat:
Canal, freshwater; Crater lake, freshwater; Crater lake, freshwater (tropical); Impoundment, freshwater (natural basin); Lake, freshwater; Lake, freshwater (mesotrophic); Lake, freshwater (tropical); Lake, oligosaline; Pond; Pond, freshwater; Pond, freshwater (artificial); Pond, freshwater (eutrophic); Pond, freshwater (hypertrophic); Pond, freshwater (montane); Pond, oligosaline; Pool, freshwater; Quarry pond, freshwater; Stream, freshwater;
Microhabitat:
Bottom sediments (shallow littoral); Eichhornia crassipes (water hyazinth), interrhizon; Littoral microhabitats; Littoral vegetation (Macrophytes and partly emersed terrestrial plants); Macrophytes (Ceratophyllum, Myriophyllum); Macrophytes (Elodea); Macrophytes (Myriophyllum), and littoral vegetation; Macrophytes (Myriophyllum, Potamogeton); Macrophytes (Potamogeton pectinatus?); Macrophytes (Utricularia); Macrophytes (Utricularia, Nymphaea); Open water; Open water (littoral and offshore); Open water (offshore); Open water (tychoplanktonic); Water lenses (Lemna sp.);
Temperature:
8.80°C to 31.00°C, avg=21.70°C, n=25 		Redox:
-181.00mV to -27.00mV, avg=-102.50mV, n=4
Oxygen:
0.70mg/l to 14.20mg/l, avg=7.33mg/l, n=14 		Conductivity:
3.00µs/cm to 9240.00µs/cm, avg=1363.28µs/cm, n=25
Saturation:
9.00% to 177.90%, avg=88.97%, n=14 		TDS:
90.00mg/l to 4050.00mg/l, avg=1981.17mg/l, n=6
PH:
5.72 to 10.18, avg=7.51, n=26 		Salinity:
0.10ppt to 4.60ppt, avg=1.87ppt, n=7
Ecology summary:
Benthic and semiplanktonic among aquatic vegetation in freshwater ponds, pools, rivers, reservoirs, and shallow lakes; among periphyton of moss and macrophytes; also in athalassic salt ponds and lakes (oligo- to mesosaline), and coastal brackish waters, temporary or permanent habitats, and bog ponds; euryhaline, predominantly during warmer season (Jersabek & Bolortsetseg, 2010) [Ref.18457]. NB: Ecology and distribution pattern probably blurred by cryptic speciation!
Food:
Single-celled algae (nanoplankton) and bacteria.
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AfrotropisE1 East AfricanAfricaEthiopiaOromiaOromia - n.o.s. -
Afrotropis- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -
Antarctis- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -
Australis- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -
NearctisNA4 AlleghanyNorth AmericaUnited States of AmericaDistrict of ColumbiaDistrict of Columbia - n.o.s. -
NearctisNA4 AlleghanyNorth AmericaUnited States of AmericaNew YorkRichmond Co.
NearctisNA4 AlleghanyNorth AmericaUnited States of AmericaOhioLucas Co.
NearctisNA4 AlleghanyNorth AmericaUnited States of AmericaOhioOttawa Co.
NearctisNA4 AlleghanyNorth AmericaUnited States of AmericaPennsylvaniaLebanon Co.
NearctisNA4 AlleghanyNorth AmericaUnited States of AmericaPennsylvaniaLuzerne Co.
NearctisNA4 AlleghanyNorth AmericaUnited States of AmericaPennsylvaniaNorthampton Co.
NearctisNA4 AlleghanyNorth AmericaUnited States of AmericaPennsylvaniaPike Co.
NearctisNA1 CanadianNorth AmericaUnited States of AmericaUSA - n.o.s. -USA - n.o.s. -
Nearctis- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -
NeotropisNT2 AntillianCentral AmericaJamaicaJamaica - n.o.s. -Jamaica - n.o.s. -
Neotropis- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -
Orientalis- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -- n.s. -
PacificPolynesianPacific (Oceania)SamoaUpoluTuamasaga
PacificPolynesianPacific (Oceania)VanuatuShéfaEfate
PacificPolynesianPacific (Oceania)Wallis and FutunaWallis (Uvea)Wallis (Uvea) - n.o.s.
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